Abstract: Which climate investments should policymakers prioritize? We develop a framework that combines the Marginal Value of Public Funds (MVPF) with structural models of demand for green technologies to evaluate the welfare effects of environmental reforms. Our approach traces the MVPF across the entire policy spectrum using counterfactual simulations, thereby relaxing the constant-elasticity and “small-change” assumptions of sufficient-statistics methods. We apply our methodology to the Canadian electric vehicle market, following Fournel (2025). The analysis reveals strong nonlinearities in the cost-effectiveness of electric vehicle incentives: initial subsidies yield substantial welfare gains, but diminishing returns make large subsidies inefficient. At average subsidy levels, we estimate an MVPF of 1.07, indicating modest social returns. Counterfactual simulations suggest that investing in charging-station deployment generates the highest welfare gains, while taxing fuel-inefficient vehicles is not an efficient funding source.

Abstract: Using four decades of individual linked administrative data from Denmark, we provide the first estimates of intergenerational transmission of victimization, focusing on violent crime. We find that, if a parent was victimized then the chances that a son is victimized double and the chances that a daughter is victimized treble. These associations hold for fathers and mothers and are stronger when the mother is victim. Introducing controls for cohort and neighbourhood fixed effects, parent’s socioeconomic status, parental cohabitation and whether the parent was a crime perpetrator explains about 60% of intergenerational transmission. The intergenerational link is significantly attenuated among families with above-median income, particularly for daughters.